recession
经济衰退；萧条期
re（向后）+cess（走）→ 经济向后走 → 衰退
语义词群
inflate · inflation · deflate
共同语义：膨胀、泄气或下压所形成的状态与变化
词源与构词inflate 与 inflation 源自拉丁语 inflare“吹入、使膨胀”；deflate 与 deflation 源自拉丁语 deflare“吹出、使泄气”；depression 源自拉丁语 deprimere“压下”，经法语或拉丁语派生形式进入英语。三组词在现代英语中形成经济状态语义群，但并非同一词根。
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学习词
LEARNING WORDS
对照概念、派生、词性和例句，选中英文可提问。
常用度 深→浅9–107–85–63–41–2
| 单词 | 词性 / 发音 | 常用意思 | 一句话记忆 | 经典例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
inflate2 个义项 | v./ɪnˈfleɪt/ | 使充气；膨胀 | in（入）+flate（吹）→ 吹入气体 → 使鼓起 | He inflated the balloon with helium. |
| v./ɪnˈfleɪt/ | 抬高（物价）；使通货膨胀 | 像给经济充气 → 物价膨胀 → 抬高价格 | The war inflated prices of basic goods. | |
inflation | n. | 通货膨胀；物价上涨 | in（进入）+flate（吹）→ 吹入过多空气 → 物价被吹高 | The central bank is trying to keep inflation under control. |
deflate2 个义项 | v./dɪˈfleɪt/ | 使通货紧缩；紧缩（经济） | de-（向下/去除）+ flate（吹）→ 吹走泡沫 → 物价下降 | The government's policy is designed to deflate the housing bubble. |
| v./dɪˈfleɪt/ | 给…放气；使泄气 | 把气放掉 → 物体瘪下去；引申为打击信心 | He deflated the balloon with a pin. | |
deflation | n. | 通货紧缩；物价持续下跌 | de（向下）+flation（吹）→ 向外放气 → 物价跌落 | Deflation makes consumers delay purchases, expecting lower prices. |
depression2 个义项 | n./dɪˈpreʃn/ | 抑郁症；沮丧 | 情绪被向下压（de+press）→ 心情跌入低谷 | He has been suffering from depression since losing his job. |
| n./dɪˈpreʃn/ | 经济萧条；不景气 | 经济产出被向下压制 → 全面衰退，如大萧条（the Great Depression） | Many businesses went bankrupt during the economic depression. |
相关表达
MORE WORDS, SAME IDEA
这些词不在原始清单中，但与共同主题存在明确联系。
stagflation
滞胀（经济停滞与通货膨胀并存）
stagnation（停滞）+ inflation（通胀）合成词
hyperinflation
恶性通货膨胀
hyper（过度）+inflation → 物价失控飞涨
deflationary spiral
通缩螺旋
物价下跌 → 需求下降 → 进一步下跌的恶性循环
purchasing power
购买力
purchase（购买）+ power（能力）→ 货币能买到多少商品的能力
monetary policy
货币政策
monetary（货币的）+ policy（政策）→ 央行调控货币和利率的手段
常用短语
USEFUL PHRASES
用真实高频搭配记住这些词在句子里的自然用法。
inflation rate
通货膨胀率
The annual inflation rate climbed to 5%.
inflation target
通胀目标
The central bank set an inflation target of 2%.
demand-pull inflation
需求拉动型通胀
Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand outpaces supply.
cost-push inflation
成本推动型通胀
Rising oil prices can lead to cost-push inflation.
deflationary pressure
通缩压力
Weak consumer spending is putting deflationary pressure on the economy.
economic depression
经济大萧条
An economic depression can last for years and cause high unemployment.
Great Depression
大萧条（指1929-1933年）
Many families lost their savings during the Great Depression.
inflate a balloon
给气球充气
She inflated the balloon for the party.
词族故事
ONE STORY, MANY NUANCES
用一个有意义的场景串起这组词和它们的细微差别。
原创 · 通胀与萧条的抉择
Faced with stubbornly low inflation, the central bank debated whether to inject stimulus. Some feared that continued deflation would deepen the downturn, while others argued that modest price declines were harmless. The governor warned that without action, the economy could slide into a full-blown depression. He chose to inflate asset prices through aggressive bond purchases.
面对顽固的低通胀，央行就是否注入刺激展开了辩论。一些人担心持续的通缩会加深经济下行，而另一些人则认为价格温和下跌无害。行长警告说，如果不采取行动，经济可能滑入全面萧条。他最终选择通过激进购债来抬高资产价格。
记住这一条
ONE LINE TO KEEP
最后用一条线索收束整组关系。
inflate 与 inflation 围绕 infl- 表示膨胀及物价上涨，deflate 与 deflation 围绕 defl- 表示泄气、收缩及物价下降；depression 则由 press 所代表的下压概念独立发展为严重经济低迷术语。